Image © Sandra Pereznieto

创造活力公共空间的11条准则
11 Rules to Follow When Creating Vibrant Public Spaces

由专筑网邢子，小R编译

由公共空间项目（PPS）主办的国际广场周是一项极具吸引力的活动，旨在让全球范围内来自不同行业的公共空间设计者聚集一堂，讨论分享想法和策略，在主办城市和国际层面上推动广场设计的理念。该活动分别于2016年在温哥华、2017年在阿姆斯特丹和2019年在田纳西州查塔努加举行。

PPS是一个非盈利组织，支持了“广场创作周”，引导人们创造和维持公共空间，建立更为优质的社区。1999年，他们详细阐述了“如何颠覆一个空间”，这是一本定义了造地运动的书籍，指出了11个原则遵循的指导方针，从而创造充满活力的社区空间。

以下将根据案例详细阐述这11条原则：

The International Placemaking Week, presented by Project for Public Spaces (PPS) is an inspiring and engaging event designed as a global gathering of placemakers from different sectors to discuss thoughts and share strategies in order to push forward the concept of placemaking in the host city and on an international level. Previous editions took place in Vancouver in 2016, Amsterdam in 2017, and Chattanooga, Tennessee in 2019.
PPS, the nonprofit organization behind the Placemaking Week, helps people create and sustain public spaces that build strong communities. In 1999, they elaborated “How to turn a place around”, a book that defined the placemaking movement, creating a guideline of 11 principles to follow in order to create vibrant community spaces.
Read on to discover the 11 rules with relevant existing examples to illustrate every principle. 


1-社区是专家

设计公共空间的重要出发点是定义社区内的人才和资源：具体是指那些能够提供历史视角、对该区域如何运作提供宝贵见解、对关键问题具有充分理解和意义的人。

1-The Community is the Expert
The important starting point in developing a concept for any public space is to identify the talents and assets within the community: people who can provide a historical perspective, valuable insights into how the area functions, an understanding of the critical issues, and what is meaningful to them.

Image © Gianluca Stefani

海地非正式社区的Tapis Rouge公共空间 / 新兴乡土建筑（EVA工作室）   

Tapis Rouge是海地Carrefour-Feuilles的公共空间，秉承“让我们的社区生活更美好”理念，为社区提供多功能的包容性空间，鼓励社会互动，营造一个没有暴力和犯罪的更安全的环境。该设计都以社区为导向，通过参与式方法和社区参与建立。因此，这个公共空间增强了居民的主人翁意识、认同感和自豪感，社区和当地艺术家创作了丰富多彩的来自社区本身意向的壁画。


2-创造一个场所，而不只是设计

要把一个表现不佳的空间变成重要的“场所”，就必须引入物理元素，使人们感受到迎合感和舒适度。我们的目标是创造一个有强烈的社区意识、舒适的形象以及可以方便活动和使用的场所。

Tapis Rouge public space in an informal neighborhood in Haiti / Emergent Vernacular Architecture (EVA Studio)
Under the motto of building “A better life in my neighborhood”, Tapis Rouge is one of several public spaces in Carrefour-Feuilles, Haiti, that generates multifunctional inclusive spaces, encouraging social interactions, and aiming towards a safer environment with no violence and crime. The program and the design are both community-oriented, established through a participatory approach and community engagement. Therefore, this public space enhances the residents’ sense of ownership, identity, and pride. The community and local artists even created colorful murals, with designs that emerged from community engagement workshops.

2-Create a Place, Not a Design
To change an under-performing space into a vital "place," physical elements must be introduced, to make people welcome and comfortable. The goal is to create a place that has a strong sense of community, a comfortable image, as well as a setting, activities, and uses.

Image © Torben Eskerod

Superkilen / Topotek 1 + BIG Architects + Superflex

Superkilen是一个当代城市的通用花园。该项目由3个实体组成，是一处范围达半英里长的城市空间，横跨丹麦最具种族多样性和社会挑战的社区，是居住在周围地区的60个不同民族的巨大融合空间。公园里的元素多种多样，从洛杉矶海滩的运动装备到中国的棕榈树。红色广场集市场、文化和体育活动于一体，黑色广场是一个城市客厅，而绿色公园则包含体育设施和运动场。


3-寻找合作伙伴   

合作伙伴可以是当地机构、博物馆、学校或其他机构，它们对公共空间改善项目的未来成功和形象至关重要，这些合作伙伴在提供支持和启动项目方面非常重要。

Superkilen / Topotek 1 + BIG Architects + Superflex
Superkilen is a contemporary, urban version of a universal garden. Comprising of 3 entities, the half-mile long urban space, going through the most ethnically diverse and socially challenged neighborhoods in Denmark, is a giant exhibition of the 60 different nationalities of the people inhabiting the surrounding area. Elements in the park can vary from exercise gear from muscle beach LA to palm trees from China. Actually, the red square integrates market, culture and sports activities, the black square is an urban living room, and the green park includes sports facilities and playgrounds.

3-Look for Partners     
Partners can be local institutions, museums, schools or others. They are critical to the future success and image of a public space improvement project. They are invaluable in providing support and getting a project off the ground.

Image © José Alberto Bastidas

城市便利设施/运动场 / Ricardo Sanz Sosa & Rodrigo Marín Briceño

城市便利设施是一个合作项目，设计的目的是在该地区创造干预。项目由加拉加斯市政府发起，与知识和工作社会特派团Misión Saber y Trabajo，Pico Collective组织一起，在该地区社区的支持下，改造项目为周围的社会住房创造了休闲公共空间。在这个过程中，社区代表与专家一起决定了最初的设计方案。


4-通过观察看到多样内涵

通过观察人们如何使用或废弃一些公共空间，可以清楚地看到哪些类别的活动较为缺失，哪些活动更受欢迎。另外，当这些空间建成后，继续观察它们可以了解如何管理，并使它们随着时间的推移更好地演变。

Urban Amenities / Sports Lot / Ricardo Sanz Sosa & Rodrigo Marín Briceño
Urban Amenities or Amenidades Urbanas is a project where many partners came together in order to create the intervention. Launched by Caracas’ Municipality, together with the Knowledge and Work Social Mission or Misión Saber y Trabajo, the organization of Pico Collective, and with the support of the organized community from the area, the urban rehabilitation project generates recreational public spaces for the surrounding social housing. During the process, community representatives chose with experts the initial design.

4-You Can See a Lot Just By Observing
By looking at how people are using or not using public spaces, it will be clear what kind of activities are missing and what might be incorporated. Moreover, when these spaces are built, continuing to observe them will give an insight on how to manage them and make them evolve over time.

Image Courtesy of Matter Design + FR|SCH

五田社区娱乐设施 / Matter Design + FR|SCH

在这里，周边社区的孩子们在中世纪的土地上一直享受着一个共同的后院。设计的游戏设施是为了迎合公众对土地的使用，是一种尝试性的干预。该项目由建筑师组织于20世纪50年代初，设计的“五田社区”被塑造成一个实验，通过创造一块共享的土地来培育社区。这些年来，虽然社区的主人发生了变化，但该设施对社区及公共土地的作用依然存在。


5-设计应当有远见   

一个项目或空间背后的意图需要来自社区，以便为周围生活和工作的人们带来自豪感，而伴随着这一理念的就是要创造的活动类型和要塑造的形象。

Five Fields Play Structure / Matter Design + FR|SCH
Neighborhood kids had always enjoyed a shared backyard in this mid-century modern common land. This play structure came as a tentative intervention to cater to the public use of the land. Designed in the early 1950s, By the Architects Collaborative, the Five Fields neighborhood was shaped as an experiment to foster a community by creating a piece of shared land. Homeowners have changed over the years but the community and its care and appreciation for the common land remained.

5-Have a Vision
The vision behind a project or space needs to come out of each community, in order to introduce a sense of pride in the people who live and work in the surrounding area. Along with this idea, comes the type of activities to be implemented and the image to be portrayed.

Image Courtesy of Strelka KB

侯赛因·本·塔拉尔公园 / Strelka Architects+Strelka KB+Snøhetta      

位于格罗兹尼的侯赛因·本·塔拉尔公园是俄罗斯高加索地区最早的现代公共空间，这里有溜冰场、运动场、操场、娱乐区、池塘、圆形剧场等。在该地区，设计的主要愿景是消除公共空间的破败迹象，为城市创造新型的中心，能够吸引不同年龄段的居民，并将民族文化和现代基础设施联系起来。


6-从牵牛花入手：更轻，更快，更便宜

公共空间的复杂性使得最初很难把每件事都做好。最好的空间试验可以通过短期改善，经过多年的测试和完善，如座位、户外咖啡馆、公共艺术、社区花园、壁画等。

Hussein Bin Talal Park / Strelka Architects + Strelka KB + Snøhetta
Considered as one of the first contemporary public spaces in the Russian Caucasus, Hussein bin Talal Park in Grozny puts in place a skate park, sports grounds, a playground, recreational areas, a pond, an amphitheater and much more. In a conflicted area, the main vision was to clear signs of destruction and decay from public spaces and create for the city a new type of urban center that can attract residents of different ages, connecting national culture and modern infrastructure.

6-Start with the Petunias: Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper
The complexity of public spaces makes it difficult to do everything right initially. The best spaces experiment with short term improvements that can be tested and refined over many years like seating, outdoor cafes, public art, community gardens, murals, etc.

Image © URBAN MATTERS by MINI, CreatAR Images

Image © URBAN MATTERS by MINI, CreatAR Images

Image © URBAN MATTERS by MINI, CreatAR Images

城市绽放 / AIM Architecture + URBAN MATTERS

“城市绽放”是一项实验，依靠重新利用和回收的材料，将停车场改造成理想的城市可持续花园。为了形成起伏的景观，不同类型的常见城市场景可能实现，如休闲聚会、迷你讲座、室外剧院等，创造平台，构成开放的花园。该项目鼓励游客探索空间，并通过自己的经验和需求来自由理解其设计意图。


7-三角形划分

Holly Whyte认为，三角划分是一个过程，通过这个过程，一些外部刺激在人与人之间提供了联系，并促使陌生人像认识对方一样与其他陌生人交谈。在一个公共空间中，不同元素之间相互联系的选择和安排可以推动三角划分的过程，使人们走到一起。

Urban Bloom / AIM Architecture + URBAN MATTERS
Urban Bloom is an experiment that transformed what used to be a parking lot into an ideal urban sustainable garden, relying on repurposed and recycled materials. Stacked in order to produce an undulating landscape where different kinds of common urban scenarios are possible like casual gatherings, mini-lectures, outdoor theater seating, etc., wooden pallets create a platform that generates an open, welcoming garden. The project encourages visitors to explore the space and interpret its purpose through their own experiences and needs.

7-Triangulate
Triangulation, according to Holly Whyte, is the process by which some external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk to other strangers as if they knew each other. In a public space, the choice and arrangement of different elements in relation to each other can put the triangulation process in motion, bringing people together.

Image © Trevor Dykstra

Image © Trevor Dykstra

出来吧！街道家具 / LMN Architects      

在西雅图设计节期间，街道家具在西雅图市中心进行了为期两周的改造，在街道上引入了8个可移动模块，这些模块可以组合在一起，创造出能够形成座位或游戏空间的无尽配置。该项目由西雅图LMN建筑事务所完成，旨在建筑环境中产生交互性，刺激城市中的普通街道。这些街道设施为交谈、玩耍和参与提供了一个临时中心。


8-他们总是说“做不到”

在创造优质的公共空间时，不可避免地会遇到障碍，因为“创造场所”并不是一项简单的工作。很多时候需要经历一个更为复杂的过程，通过小规模的社区的改进可以证明“场所”的重要性，并有助于解决问题。

Pop-Up! Street Furniture / LMN Architects
Pop-Up! Street Furniture transformed for 2 weeks downtown Seattle during the Seattle Design Festival, by introducing to the streets eight movable modules that can be combined to create endless configurations capable of forming seating or play space. Generating interactivity in the built environment and stimulating ordinary streets in the city, the project was realized by Seattle-based LMN Architects. The street furniture with many possible functions produced a temporary hub for conversation, play, and engagement.

8-They Always Say "It Can't Be Done"
When producing good public spaces it is inevitable to encounter obstacles, because “creating places” is not an actual job that some professionals can do. With a more complex process, small scale community-nurturing improvements can demonstrate the importance of "places" and help to overcome obstacles.

Image © Sandra Pereznieto

共同单元 / Rozana Montiel | Estudio de Arquitectura

San Pablo Xalpa住房公共空间修复项目旨在将一个“部门住房单元”转变为一个“共同单元”。以前，这个单元由居民自己建造的墙、栅栏和栅栏隔开，占用了公共空间。设计通过一个包容性战略，将人们聚集在一起，拆除围栏，为社区复兴作出贡献，尽管这并不是居民最初的选择。该项目与社区一起，为不同的活动设置多功能空间，用作图书馆等。


9-形式支持功能

来自社区和潜在合作伙伴的投入，对其他空间如何运作的理解、实验，以及克服障碍和反对者提供了空间的概念。虽然设计很重要，但其他因素告诉你需要什么样的“形式”来实现未来的空间愿景。

Common Unity / Rozana Montiel | Estudio de Arquitectura
The rehabilitation project for the public space for the San Pablo Xalpa Housing Unit aimed to transform a "sectored housing unit" into a "Common-Unity". Previously, the unit was divided by walls, fences, and barriers that the inhabitants had built themselves, appropriating the public space. With an inclusive strategy, people came together to contribute to the redesign of their unit and remove the fences, an idea that was initially not an option for the inhabitants. Designing with the community, the project puts in place modules equipped for different activities and a multipurpose room, usually occupied as a library.

9-Form Supports Function
The input from the community and potential partners, the understanding of how other spaces function, the experimentation, and overcoming the obstacles and naysayers provides the concept for space. Although the design is important, these other elements tell you what "form" you need to accomplish the future vision for space.

Image © Turenscape

Image © Turenscape

红丝带公园 / Turenscape   

一条500米长的红丝带贯穿秦皇岛公园，集灯光、座位、环境解说和定位功能于一体。与自然地形和植被形成鲜明对比，该项目的设计简约而生动，既要保护沿河的自然栖息地，又要为休闲和环境教育创造新的机会，展示了如何通过一个小的设计方案实现一个戏剧性的改善景观。


10-钱不是问题

一旦公共空间的基本基础设施建立起来，其他要素就会发挥作用分摊成本，如摊贩、咖啡馆、鲜花店等。此外，当人们参与这一过程时，成本的分摊就会更加广泛，投入与收益相比就显得没有那么重要了。

Red Ribbon Park / Turenscape      
A 500 meters Red Ribbon, runs through this Qinhuangdao park, integrating the functions of lighting, seating, environmental interpretation, and orientation. In contrast with the background of natural terrain and vegetation, but with a minimal yet vivid design, the project had the challenge to preserve the natural habitats along the river while creating new opportunities for recreation and environmental education. The project demonstrates how a minor design solution can achieve a dramatic improvement in the landscape.

10-Money Is Not the Issue
Once the basic infrastructure of the public spaces is set, the elements that will make it work like vendors, cafes, flowers, and seating are not expensive. Moreover, when people are involved in the process, the cost is viewed much more broadly and consequently as not significant when compared with the benefits.

Image Courtesy of CatalyticAction

Image Courtesy of CatalyticAction

黎巴嫩Bar Elias难民儿童游乐场 / CatalyticAction

CatalyticAction在难民安置区内开发的一所学校中设计和建造了一个操场，整个过程中都有儿童参与，使结构易于拆卸、运输、重新组装或重新利用。该项目试图挑战这一概念，扩大紧急情况下被认为必要的范围，并响应应急响应中操场的定义。该项目提供游戏设施，并鼓励孩子们设计自己的操场。


11-设计永远不会结束

在城市环境中，便利设施的磨损及变质经常发生。所以对变革的需要持开放态度，并应用灵活的管理来应对变革，这也是建设优质公共空间和城镇的根本。

Playgrounds for Refugee Children in Bar Elias, Lebanon / CatalyticAction
CatalyticAction has designed and built a playground in one of the schools developed within refugee settlements, involving children throughout the entire process and allowing the structure to be easily disassembled, transported, and either reassembled or repurposed. This project seeks to challenge this notion and expand the remit of what is deemed necessary in emergency situations, and questions the definition of a playground in an emergency response. The project provides playing facilities as well as encouraging these children to design the playground themselves.

11-You Are Never Finished
Amenities wear out, needs change and other things happen in an urban environment. Being open to the need for change and having the management flexibility to enact that change is what builds great public spaces and great cities and towns

Image © Yang Xu

绿云 / ZHUBO-AAO   

绿云是一种改造方式，旨在提高雨水收集管理能力，为居民提供绿色舒适的生活环境。这个想法很容易复刻，即利用大量有重建可能性的屋顶。该项目设立了文化活动区，人们在那里自发地开展新活动，使之不断发展壮大。


编者注：本文原载于2019年11月6日，更新于2021年2月1日。

Green Cloud / ZHUBO-AAO
Green Cloud is a renovation method, aiming to improve rainwater management ability as well as providing green and comfort commonplace for residents. This idea, easily copied, makes use of a large number of roofs that have the potential to be reconstructed. The initiative created cultural activity zones, where new activities are spontaneously introduced, making the project continuously in evolving mode.
Editor's Note: This article was originally published on the 6th of November 2019, and updated on the 1st of February 2021.

Image © John Siu

Image Courtesy of Iwan Baan